Global Debt Markets Show Dollar Dominance Moves In Cycles, Us Fed Says

A recent study by the US Federal Reserve argues that despite periodic challenges, a lack of credible alternatives has kept the dollar at the center of global bond markets.

A new Federal Reserve discussion paper finds that the US dollar’s role in global bond markets has risen and fallen in cycles over the past six decades, with no clear long-term trend toward either greater dollar dominance or de-dollarization.

Using the Bank for International Settlements’ (BIS) international debt securities database, the authors identify three distinct “dollarization waves” since the 1960s, showing that shifts in currency use have followed cyclical patterns rather than a steady structural change in global financing.

“We find no monotonic dollarization or de-dollarization trend; instead, the dollar’s share exhibits a wavelike pattern,” the paper says.

The most recent wave emerged after the 2008 global financial crisis, when the dollar regained market share in international bond issuance, climbing back toward levels seen before the surge in euro-denominated bond issuance in the early 2000s, according to the report.

The study also found that, as of 2024, emerging market issuers still rely predominantly on dollar-denominated debt, which accounts for about 80% of their outstanding international bonds, while efforts by China begun in 2010 to internationalize its currency, the renminbi, have produced only modest gains.

“While the dollar’s eminence rests on vulnerable foundations, the absence of viable alternatives has left the dollar’s primacy unchallenged,” the report said.

Related: Intuit to use Circle’s stablecoin for financial platforms

The global stablecoin market has expanded sharply over the past year, growing to roughly $309.6 billion from $205.5 billion in December 2024, according to DefiLlama data.

Most of that growth has been concentrated in US dollar-pegged tokens, with Tether’s USDt (USDT) and Circle’s USDC (USDC) together accounting for about 85% of total stablecoin supply, or roughly $264 billion of the market at the time of writing.

Source: CoinTelegraph