Using AI chatbots for even just for 10 minutes may have a shockingly negative impact on people’s ability to think and problem-solve, according to a new study from researchers at Carnegie Mellon, MIT, Oxford, and UCLA. Researchers tasked people with solving various problems, including simple fractions and reading comprehension, through an online platform that paid them for their work. They conducted three experiments, each involving several hundred people. Some participants were given access to an AI assistant capable of solving the problem autonomously. When the AI helper was suddenly taken away, these people were significantly more likely to give up on the problem or flub their answers. The study suggests that widespread use of AI might boost productivity at the expense of developing foundational problem-solving skills. “The takeaway is not that we should ban AI in education or workplaces,” says Michiel Bakker, an assistant professor at MIT involved with the study. “AI can clearly help people perform better in the moment, and that can be valuable. But we should be more careful about what kind of help AI provides, and when.” I recently met up with Bakker, who has chaotic hair and a wide grin, on MIT’s campus. Originally from the Netherlands, he previously worked at Google DeepMind in London. He told me that a well-known essay on the way AI may disempower humans over time inspired him to think about how the technology could already be eroding people’s abilities. The essay makes for slightly bleak reading, because it suggests that disempowerment is inevitable. That said, perhaps figuring out how AI can help people develop their own mental capabilities should be part of how models are aligned with human values. “It is fundamentally a cognitive question—about persistence, learning, and how people respond to difficulty,” Bakker tells me. “We wanted to take these broader concerns about long-term human-AI interaction and study them in a controlled experimental setting.